004
GERALD A. VERGILIS*
KENNETH M. STENGER
ALBERT P. ROBERTS
IRA A. PERGAMENT
ANTONIA T. LUCIA
JOAN F. GARRETT"
THOMAS R. DAVIS
PHILIP GIAMPORTONE
VERGILIS, STENGER, ROBERTS & PERGAMENT
XITORNEYS AND COUNSELORS AT LAW
1136 ROUTE 9
WAPPINGERS FALLS. NEW YORK 12590
(845) 298-2000
FAX (845) 298-2842
e-mail: VSRP@BestWeb.net
LEGAL ASSISTANTS:
AMY E. DECARLO
KRISTEN S. GUTHRIE
POUGHKEEPSIE OFFICE
276 MAIN MALL
POUGHKEEPSIE. NY 12601
(845) 452-1046
. ADMlTIE> TO PRAcnCE
IN NY &: FLA.
UADMlTIE> TO PRAcnCE
IN NY &: CONN.
ADDRESS REPLY TO: ( ) POUGHKEEPsIE
( ) WAPPINGERS
VIA FACSIMILE (297-4558) AND REGULAR MAIL
February 19,2002
Hon. Joseph Ruggiero, Supervisor
Town of Wappinger
20 Middlebush Road
Wappingers Falls, New York 12590
Re:
Holiday Displays on Public Property
File No. 12951.0001
RECEIVED
FEB 2 5 2002
TOWN CLERK
Dear Joe:
I enclose herewith a copy of an article published in the Municipal Lawver with respect to
holiday displays on public property. I am submitting this publication in context of the
wintertime displays and the recent acceptance of artifacts from the Hindu community and
the Muslim community.
s,
'ENGER, ROBERTS, PERGAMENT & VIGLOTTI
ALBERT P.
APR/bg
Enclosure
cc: Hon. Gloria J. Morse, Town Clerk
Town Board File
0:\ W APPINGE\Town Board\I-GencraITB\021502-holiday.doc
f Mllni(~ipal LlltV.ver
- If'
1111'
NYM'IA
A Joint Pfl"llctlIIOII of de
Municipal Ltzw Section oftIM N.-w York S/QU /Jar ASSOCi4tlon
lIIId tht1
Edwin G. Mlchl14/lan MunIcipal lI:tw IWtnuct Center 01 Pact University
JAlLle .
JbIwJM J 3, NfI1IIbu j
$4pt"""-1'IO=,,-1' /H9
Holiday Displays C)D Public Property
By Dlwaaj. SltiYlbur aad LIWl'IIlc. B. Pedowitz
AI the wUrt.r holiday a_OIl apprclIlChes, municipeiuc:a will
invariably NClive nq... to di.." MMClMI and rtliJioue diep'lI)'I ClR
pullUo pnIpII1)', Wbab<< lWS how mlmidpal penweats a..-
aDOClID...... ftl!ja:ioua S)11lbab or oeIebf1IicM in public... rwnaa.
· CCftD'OVcrsiaI iIIue thai i. hody cantelted by Ci.'Cpcns. III thi. IRA of
Jaw in particular, the lea. prcc:cdc:nll aU too often provide food for
mouaht l'Ilher Wm clear JUideI- (or poiiey makers. For 1hia II:l8IUn,
IhiI article taket a prqmaric IpPl'OlCh IIld covlluaa. tTom a
OCIIIIilUlioaal pcnpec:tive, I scnaic .-onaI dccionIiicln policy of a
bypolhctiQJ VlU.. The anido then ClOIIIiders IdditiGMI. lepIJy
viabM 8CUCftal dispJllt'/dcanlien po~.
L 1bII........ vm. PoIIdes
Consider I bypochcrieal Vlll18e in New York that sponson/
lubsidizes the followm, teaIOnIl dcconriona and ldivili.:
· a-w 1JIc:oroIdoiI., Deccndve lietua and WI'eIIhs _ ~
f m.inly by cbmrown mercbams - IN put up b, die VW...'.
~""". dcpInmcIu oCpubJIc works 011 tRe:llnd poJes in dte ealhI -...
dinict In addition, decoradve Iishts <nmed by 1M Viltaee ..
dlapjayed in VUJaae buildinp. . wrcad1 is piKed on VW. Hall.
IIId wn:chI art placed on ViU.. tire 1IUCks.
· lWhIay Tree. A I.. ~CIJI'CCII mr. in me maln, dowmown
VIII. PIIdt i. decorazed by 1110 dlplrlmenr or public worb with
colored lip.. Ind . 1&81'. Jn addilioo, . laail U!lC locaacd in ltIe
Vii. adnMillrulve omcc. is cIecorar.d with Ii.. baIb lmd
winter sym&ola. No oth.. unmended siSN or display. ..
permitted in !be VilJace Pirie.
· Bola, C.... ....~ The Vlllaae 'pomors an ev-:n in
wlUdl . mixture of relidoUl and seculat scnp an: IUft8 by pn viii
indiYidUIIJ apinst the beckdrop ot a publicly sponsored bcnfire.
ThD VBIap anqes tor the 1.iPting, maintaIance, ancI4tlpout of
jw bcndre, Di priq tlycra c1e&c:ribirll the event as a holi~ C\'ent
10 wbidl "AU m: wCQOCIJC." Amonll the SOOII ,m& are Chrim1aI.
Chlnulan .. sa:ul1I' carols (0.10. "SHaH Nigh!," me "Dreydl
SClIII," md "Rudolph tlte Red-n0Hd Roirldc. j
· N. ..... !HIp..,.. When. ticm time to time:, the ViII. n:ccha
~.. to III'eCI relisiOUl dilJUys in !he Vl.llafll PIII'k, such l'CqUClltl
arc \WtonnIy n:;CICIed.
II. ConIdtD.... AaI)'IiI
For the I'C':aICIII Slltod below. it ippclr'S our /1nloU!elical Vii.'.
poliey would -~ III applicablo COnItilutional pr'OVisiCICII.
Two QCIIIIiIUlicnal PI'OVisiona QOQIIined in the Fim ~t
JCMIIllhe W!f the VIII. m.y tn:8t, ar im.act wid!.. "'iaion: the Free
exercise c1-.. and the &aab1ishment cI.uM.
1bc Free ExcrQsa clause ..... !be basic n&hll of relicjous
liberty IIlCi ftwcIom of ClClIIIdence, and prabibiq lbc .. &om
( .~ .... my f*UcWar reUSicn. Thus, dJe ,"" BWCiIe
~d... .....ouIdll'Obibit any .tfon by . 100000,ovcmmcnt to purpo.:full)'
...,.... me acQ~ties 01 a pIlIticui. ,..Jlsious fP'OUP.' Bus into,.. II
JaM md palicie1 .. nlUtrll 01\ their fa:e, pncnlly Ippifcabl. to aU
citizau, IIId not adopt.d for the pUl'pClM of inhibian, raUcioue acti~~.
tIJe Free Exercise ciause does DO( ~ toO he viobrcd.
The Suprc:mc Court ha madI it dear dw neuarall~ or :eneral
cO'd
6S:S! cOOc v! qaj
applk:abillly are flOI invaneS soldy bCQqf thty hIppla to I8bCI
puti~uIar rclilioua lIdhc:n:uCll; . local Fv~r may Iha'eloro QIty
our DeIBrZI poIiciCll, such . zenina oiclhlmc. and parks "BUIIIi_
without ClIMDa OUl IJ*iIl excepdons far ftlIiliCNI miDariciCil.. The
buic tat Imder the Free Exercise dause would be whether the vw.a.
lias c1ilCrimined aplnsl, or puI'JlOIetUfly restricred the &.dam 0( lIJY
rdigiCIUI group. In other words. dC* the h)'pochetial VW....,
deconIkln poiicy burden any )lCticul.. rdigion by coen:ma adhcnD1I,
whclber dfrecrJy or inditdy. to depan !tom the tends of their ~?
Tbe answer IppelU1 to be a clear "no. "
0\1" bypodleUca/ ViI.', dec:oradon policy - iD I*ficuIar it.
ncunI and JaleralJy appIic:abJc bin on unattended ~ displays ill
Ihe VlU. Parte - dOlII not seem to prcICaE any Free . probIQIII
beoue it does not ~ adbeIems or burden Illy l'Ili;iaa ill a
discrimiDllOry ~ Mar=vc:z; dt. sup__ Court _ inell__..
a cd)"s dacUlOIl to deny requeICS to display nsUgious objects docs DOt .
burden the fta GlI'Clse IJf reUaion al III. because che reU,ioua
adharwua reguaninc such pubUc display. _ "he to display" _ .
.i1ems "in their hamea and d"rM.. 'OS
Secand, the Est.DI.ishmcnt Clauses of the FIm ~ _ Jell'll
l8IClCiaeed with the ClCINlIpt of 1M "sepatatiQII of c:!lurdlllld nac" _
ptOftibits Ced.ral. SfaJe, and IocaJ iJOVcmmeu hm "oonvona. ar
IDlIISptma to CCIft\'ey thI& reliaion at a I*UcuUlr rdiliOUl heI.ieI is
favored or pn:t'~.'" In evaluazina the VilIaa.e', policy II\der Ibe
Esrablishment ClIUIe, the quesGOft is wbetbc:r IOIIIClCln.C vicwina !he
decoratiOnS would ~y cenclLldc 1tw tbe VW.. Is atdcr-. a
~ l'ellticn or rdiJion in &eneraI. I If so, che Estabiiallmcnt d..
i. violatai In O&her words, do the diipJay, llnci deeoraIionI. viewed ..
~e, Jlf'OI11C* rcIi;Jon or c:ndone 1ft)' pIlticular rdisjow1nlditien1
CMClI appjyJns dli. -wlor'lencnt .," '.. IIloII tile vw.p',
hypoIhncat holiday do;onuion policy, inc/udins the dcl:oJadon IDd
Ush=8 of a holiday tr=, would pIN thct test and is dIcrdore
GOIlStitulianal.' AI a Icnc:nI ni~ publh; olnciaia should "ccn&I(eJ"
1000000000's own celebrllion of Cbri=- to 1M holiday's xcuI..-
1IpCdS. '" The SuprwDe COUll has found ~ deeonliona typical or tho
wimer holiday aeaeon. including holiday trees dcc:oraIcd with IiPII and
a star, eel=- a aecular lIIpect of the OuiftmM hoJid.y. md !bus do
not imptOpc:rly endarH r'Iligicn In .4n.pllY CDtUtlJ4 tar 1ICaI!lple, 1he
Supreme Court upheld a IOvenunenral display of a "Iarae ChristmM
he" and a mmorah outlide !be CIt'i-Coun~ buiJdinl in Go\wEO\W
Piftlbuqh. lbe All4pny C~ cue indicated m. a m1iori~ of tbe
Sup~ Cowr would ipJln)ve chc dispJay of a Christmas he. cven if
~ alone. en public prapezty.' luauCG BJadanl8l, Cor ~Jc,
oxpl8iMd that the Cbristma tNe: "i. not italf a reU;ious 'YrnOoi.
AJdrough Chtimw treeI QI1ec carried reliaiOUl como_one. today
lh-.y lYpitr the ~w... QClcbrssion of ChtUtmu.... All of oW'
rC01ll'lJrwd 0" ptlge 2)
Inside...
czo, f1/ M".6JI " D<< M.u/J.". . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . A.cr 2
c"".,.., e 1999 ~ tit. M"d.-." M.,IIkip./. ~ Ra.ru CtIIItItJo
aiI"~ Nf!W Hri..sr..., ...~....,...
vv88~9v8Is:xej ld3G 3lJ JOSS~ ~~e SAN
MllnicipalLawwr
HolidAY Displays
(CtJnttnwiift'om /XlI' J)
bypochcical Villaee', tdcIitioaal deconltiClSll
would ~ to cd.. dw boUday -.em
in . secuI. mnICI: AI cae MO., 1 Iii
judge his not8d: ""'ere i. nodlinc
dillinclivcly 0ariJtiaa about reindocr. Saaca
C1aua, Jift'iivina. oaaor. linseI, toys, rerail
sales, r~ so-. or lbc musjc: (a diAinct
!om Tile wn) 0( OIristmal carols. ....
Even symbol. tbal c.Ioarfy rcfJect the
retiaioUl -I*f at ClItiaImu, suc:h . . credle
or rwivity SCl:Z1C; have beaI IIlowed to be
cQpIayed wi1bin . br'OId;r ;rvupins of IJCIIJ-
nrlisioua and nca-CbdiUl decoraicaa.1I Tho
baic requi...olOnt, apIn, ia \bat the
~t taR be -.sod. '11wt i.. WOuld a
teaIanahIc, int'omIId yj__ - one who "'-wI
Cbe relfalOUl display in ilS avena CCfttext _
t!llIIeJ~ that 1M __-* __ ~
Christianity? When I ~aiOUl item is
displayed amona . variety of s.ecuI8t items, the
overall masase i. ~y not one of
endonitl. reJlliOll, bm rltber cae of
c:d.... !he SCIICln in aU at its divcrsily.
8IBed 011 this radOlll1e. A t'edetallIppCIII. court
,.,mtted !he city at Syl'llc:1lle, New York to
cnGt, in a public pat, . SOVCll1WCllt~
crech.. n. creche display was I~
alonpidc . hgUday 1IW _ 011O bloc:k aWllj'
tram a publicly c/i.pJayed (bul privately
ClWIled) menorah. II The goun IWClDCld lMt .
mixtun: of .ccul. _ relfsiouc t)'D)bol.
... a meaqe of divmify Iftd does not
lead . meua,c that III)' on. vicw i.
'''encloned. "U By coatnIt, _Ill . cteefte wu
dilpillt'ed on th,.. of. CCCIIIty court houso
la Pittabuazh, in reJlIl~ ilCllaticn &om other
I_GnU dcconWons, the Sup~mo Court
found rJw it vioJued the EstabJilhmcar
C1auso." tq .um, the CClUUt of 11I1 altplicitly
tetiliow public 4laplay bacomea a criti~
fac:tor injud&iBI ill 10000ity.
In our h)'potbetie&d c:ue, lbo vm.,c',
poJigy i. mlallh mclnl Anigblforwwd: by U$in;
only dilJli~ that r'II!ftecc tho "lIOllUIw" IIpecta
ot.. ho1i~ MaSellI, me Vl11lac ap..-s to
IlI:Ir:r wd1 cI... ot1be kiMI of cndorHmeat or
nsl~~ dw are PfQhibitcd WIder the
EstablilhnMnt ClMe.
Our bypotbelica/ VIIJ. also dcc1in.
I'eq\IeI1I to place Illy other semi-pemIII\ent
Ot\lDldtcndc:i religious displlf' in me ViJlaae
(Conlf/lwd 01/ ptlg6 J)
Publtshld &/''''(lfldrty by 1M Edwin G,
MicM,/iQ" Mmir:i]Nl/ Law R~,ou1'C'
Cen_" Inc, of Pat:'l Univtrsiry tmd 1M
MlI1Iict/M1 Urw ~CIt01l (Jf tit, N.'III YD,*,
SMa: 8. AbDC(tItIDfI,
MlAC Dt"mJI' " .Ltstf!r D. S1ebrlfttflf
lrIwrlt:1fK11 Law
$,atOll C/wt,. . . . . .Eritwmi J. 0 'CD1I1I()I'
Co-Liilon .... . . .Lllt" D. SI_fn_n
RaipIr Btuuu/
MLRC 91442Z-4276
Pa University
One MartiDc AVGIUt
Whill PIaiu. New Ycric 10606
WWW.pect.eduldyJoMulrc
m'd
&pl,mbttr/OclObll,. 1999 2
The Full Monte
., Ilea" M. Hoa-...
In !he NOVemkr, 1994 iswe ol11w -~QI1" Wbi~ 1Ucs a PEd oflmd ~
IrIunictptll ~ I n::poncd upoIl me _ I ptOpomaaal rdCiOlDlhip to me pubU~. .~
decUion of the tJnRed Swa Supnme Court in purpc.c lOupr to N ac:bitved by ma
1110 case of Do'- \l CII)I of1lpd, 512 U.S. ~ 1ba taIcia18 olP'OflCl'lY by the dcQiaI
374 (1994). Brie:tJy 11ImmIri2ed. DoIa1t was a of. permit QOOCiII..,. to iu profitabl.
cue in which an owner C1f . paroeJ of fell utiJiDtiol\, or by the impositiClll of .-cns
pr'OJ*lY eeeiiftc permits to c:xp.a an ~ which make it wuablc or whidl HYenIIy
retallIIC on !be property w. &oed wi~ die limit its use. shoulcl be held to the lime
~ ofpermit CCDcIiticlna by ihe City of rrandard. In Ctljl Q/ MCNfMlWy v. Dd ~
n,ll'd PlmDioa Collllniuion rocruirinc. !June: at Mom.1'IJl Ltd.. 119 S.Ct 1624,
atI1lX!I otbcIr taiDp, die dcdic:atioa of I ponioa d8l:idod an May 24, 1999, lhe Supreme Court
of 1tI, propeny tl)r pubUc UK The Pl~ rejecled that fOlic by d.a131'inS Chat
CClIDIIIiSSion Md fOUDd that the increased ..... we have IIOt exzendod rbt 1'OU8h-
impeMOlII sur1lIl:e wtUcb waaI4 rosuIt !rom proportiQJaJjty tClIt of Dolin beyond 1:he special
lbe ~ClIl of Do'-'I bum. jUltiftcd tho eoctext Of cx.aa1cns-land.usc decision.
nqllirta.t 1IW · JlOI1iClll vL II flood pillia CXlIIdlJianinS apJxovw 0( cleYelopmenr an !be
lOClIIed on !be DcUa property be dedi...... 110 dodicalicln of public: l.h. s.. J:JoJ-. ~ 11&
.. ~~ -..I .a... - -......... u..-. in ,cu, NoIIctn >< CrI"l""IWa C:otUltU CQftIn ", "83
traftic justifted Ihe rcquin:meal that ~ U.S. W, 841 (1987). The Ni. __ in
pcdcm. Dl bicydc pmhway be simiJarly Doitm coDliden whether ded}OIdona
~CItId. cIemmded .. CDtdlU4nt ot development are
The Supn:me Cowt, in rtdectin, both pmportiomd to 1h. develotm=nt's amici,..
condiIiona as Rlq1Iirins an unoon....-ltCli iJftpIClI. II WIll not daianCd to IIddraa, and i.
(lDd therefore UIlCOCIItilutional) takina of n<< teediJy applicable to, 1ho mudl di8'ercna
property formulated · RlncWd Which q1lCldoas Irisin: where. as here, thc
IIDIlUaCld (buI diet DOl neceaanly dar11y) the lMdowner', chaJleqe il based not 011
.dier ".allia! DCXUI" JtIadanI ~ excea1ye eucr.ions but OIl dcniiI of
in NoikIn II CtIJIj:Jnrla COQ.tItU CQrIm 'no 483 dft'dopma. We betieve.lIllCICl'dInaJy. duIa the
U.S. W (1987). l'Oush-proponionality _ ot Do/Qn i.
ha Dolon the Supn:mc: Court .xpandecl1he inIpposite to a CMe sudllllhiI OM. ..
laquIl)' eItllbIitlaed ill NoIkItt by ~ .. The q1IOIed S*&IrIph. whidl appem to
altho. an "ea." DCX\II" cUd -m leV")' limit lb. BClOpO of DoIt1n, ill obi. )
........ a 10Irieun.te Irate ifttereat (th. *_ it il DOC ~ to, or lor:iClUy ill .
~ClIl ottJood plaint and cbo nIpIaIiaa at ~ ~ !be Courts daciaica iD tho c:ua,
trdc) md the pemSt candi1icna ClItabIiahed U1ich aftIftIII 1ft Awlrd ol damIcee to tho
by the PImDin, ~(1M dedication JUinti6 ~
at'lmd). 1boee candid_ were DXft bn \WI The facu in IN/ u"". .. worth notina
IlOIIIMd to ~ Ibe Illite lDtcreat which bel:aaIc they iU... murse of acdan whidt
1bc City sOuabt to lllvaca. Notiq tba a '* beccIne embIernIIlc of the cbdopmcm
GGalcrvanClG _"'1 Cradler tbIrJ a pI'OCeQ in IOIDC: iurisdU:1icm. Th.8IOI)' beciDs
cIodiGaliaa of llad) would bave IUtJlcecI to In 1981 whet the Iandowacr ~ an
pror<<ll tho tJood pJCn, Iho Court hcf4lbet it i. IpplicaaiClG to develop a 37.6<<rc OCIeIII-ti'ont
nul CDOUIA mcrdy tbr 1ft -.uiaI nCXlll to parcel located In tho City of Monwrey,
_II bIcwMn !be men adapud Imd the end. California. Tho JlIlII'CCI was by no JDClN
,0\Iiht to be accompJilbecl by tho prilliDc, havina been home tD .. oil terminal
municiJllllily; tbc CGda aftd Cho IIaIII D1UIt also Ind _ a.nn wbcte IaIJc: quniti. of oil
be "roushIY proponfonal-inncurulld ecr-. were delivered, Itonld, Ind ahlpped. Tho
Pw1her, met pcriaps I!IOnI ~,th. pan:el w.. ftveraecs by IlIeW11:1' line, Iftd Uoe
Coun beJd thai a ~it)' IINIt make th. ~ and IClmOvaI oldle rank r.m
"individualized" fiDdinBl OD 1ft adequate had beoome a dumpina ground for piP'
record 10 support a ~on thII the ~ I:ClIll:I'ete, and oil-eoaked HDd. Fwtbcr,
tcIquiIit.c rwab propoJ1i~ edm. dle Jlrior OlMtlln ofcbo JImd '-I intraduaed ice
To pmalitionen an ~p;rty 0WI1CII' side plant to In\'flftl erosion and ClOfttrGI soil
ofibo bit, the lIlUDCilliOD of!le admiltedJ,y ill- conditiana around the oi.ItInb. Ice p11ft1 ia 1m
ddIDCd rouah proponiClJliity lAIndard Mid lDvuive plant CpecillC illCClmpatible with
our acme hope tbBt the Court MI 1ecIiat in native vlpl8lion in the ... md by the time
the dIrccdoa. of proIecIUlg private property of Cd Manto Dw.' inidal appUCIIica in
~ in tbc t1IoI 0( iDg~ 1W1ricdv, 1911. ice JJlInt hid IIftId to 2$ ~ oftbc
1aDcI1I8O ordlna1cB IIUI pcnIt&~ stIIld.Irds. PIfCCI md WOUld bave CCIIdiftued to adV8lS.
The DoItm deQliQo did DQI IDIie il c:I_ lbe JIIIbnl acn upon whidl lbe ice pianI
wbod1<< the roup pIOpOI1IoaalUy IIIndard ~ iDCluded ~ dac JlI"MDCle
ex&IDded to dao dcniaI of a permit.. wcU .. 10 at wtuc:b plays III importlBl role iA lis J
1he impoaitiClll of ClCIIIditiona QD i. snm. 01' P1anaina ComnDaIica'. Wtinae reiecdon ~
whetber th. ....... would apply i:& DaI Monte DuneI' appU~. B~ is
detennmins the &ciaI vaJi4Uy of a land UN . Ilatural habita of die Smim', Blue
ordinaace or np/8IiClD MUch dimiftt"M (JIt BUIlertly, III ~ apocia of wbicb
enrQdy etiminlaed · p.roeI'll poIal1ial for on1r OIICI lana h.Id beat deIeaed 011 the
de\-elopmant Logic would dicude tbIt if 1ft propony iD fO\lr y..-s of 1aI'Clbina.
(Corumwd 011 ptl~ J)
6S:S! ~OO~ V! qa~
vv88~9V8!s:xej ld3a 3lJ JOSS~ ~~8 SAN
A,{Il1ricipQJ ~r
1be-FuB Monte
(COIItinwd./l'Oltt JX1It 1)
r In 1981 Del Monte Dunea submitted an
JPpJication to dlv.'op it. property In .
manner consistent wilb Ute City's zenina and
acaera1 plan requirement!. AJthoUlh exiJtina
zoainS would have pcrmined the
development of more !ban 1,000 uni1l for 1I1e
enure parcc.l, tJ'ae oriSinal propoAl was
Jimited to 344 residc:nU1I units, 111 1982, the
Plmning Commiuion denied the apptication
but I1ated lhar a JlfOPOS4I for 264 II1ita would
~ favorabJy reccivc::ci. The applIcant lba1
aubmiu.d a rnised propoul willt Z64 unill
which Will rejected; a IIccond roviled
propotal of 224 units wu d.ai.d ill 1984,
The applicant then appeaJed to the City
Council which overruJed the PI&nDing
ComrniJlion's denial, refcrr.d the projOGt
baclc to the ComlftilCion. and iMtnIatad it ..
consider a proposal for 190 units. Tbat
propoal wullpb, rejected by the P1annin,
Commission and the land owner Ipin
appealccl to' the City Council. The City
Coundl again tcyencd \he Commillion.
The final appllcalion. and !he one wbidl
,.ve rile to the liusanon which wlmlftlleCl in
the Supreme Coun decilion, involved 11ft oWa'
of dm;t:QItDft of halt lho propeny for . public
belch 8nd tIte r'llIItol'lllion md plW4ln".GO of
tho buck,weal babill&, III additional eiaht
eeres of open IpIICe and landa~ lIN8II, and
. a1moat IOVCI'I acres or public ..d priVIltc
( 11'fJDts, includina public access to the "-eft.
. ".)( tho total 37,6 acres of Ilus pucci, only 5.1
ICI'CI, loc.ed in a "bow!" in the CfI2ter of thi
parcel. were allocated to thc;: proposed
rcsidcntilli UIC. That appliClltion WIS finalJy
rejected by rho PlGming Comrniuicn.1pinst
tJ'ao rocommcndllion of ill own ptofCllianal
stAlf. and without any basis in the record, on a
RndinJ. inl.r Q/lQ, dw tlte propaacd pi..
locared _ it ~.. on Iho pared. would "amaco
the: environment CVaJ thoush lbe location or
the developmc:rlt on the property W. rorced
~. Ihe City'. dcmaNb ror a publiG beech,
vi~ oonidonr. IIftd a butTer from In cxidina
lltale park, The Commiuion allIO founci that
the plan would dit~ the habitat or the
Smith's Blue Bufterfl}'.
^"ordinalY. after five yem, five fonnal
decisions. and 19 different site DIans, the
lIpplicm1 (Chatlic Brown comea 10 miDd)
finally awoke 10 tlte fact char !he Cit), of
Monterey would noC pcnnit the dcvcJopmenl
of ill property under my Citeumltlnca, MId
brouahl suit in tJ'ae DiJaic:t Coun alle;in;.
Intrl' aJitl. lhat denial of1he final dC\'dopmau
propoal .... is violation of lit" dUll proc:eu
lII1d equal protection clllUSCJ or the Fowtelnlh
Am.1dn.nt iIIId wu 1ft unoompcnsa&ed and
thenlt'ore ~1itutional rqulllOly takini.
The District COUrT firat di~miucd De!
C' 'fonle's clailDl as I8lripe, Del Mont. not
.avini obtained a definitive decision in state
coun, The Cowt of Appeals revened. citinc
tJ'ae lon, and IOrtured history of the
application. and held Ihac the City's decision
was sutnciently final 10 r=dcr Del Monte
Ounes' cl&ims tipe for review. On n:mmd,
tlO'd
tht: DiIlriQ COWl ~ to IUbaiI Del
Monte D\mce' IIIkiop md cqUlll pM.dw
daimlro ajll)" but to RlaVe 1be """!i\-e
duo procca daim for dildJica by !be 00UIt.
1'1. Di8tri~ Cowt ~ 1bojwy, prap:Ity.
dsc it shoald Aad tor ~itit to..d...
1Iw Del Ma= Olaa Ud ban cbicd III
CClIIOIIIiGllIy YiabIe UIC ot i1a IIIOI*tY tit ..
the City'. fiDall1!iedian did IIGI ~
advlDCe a IlIIitil!llle .. u.n... The j1JIy
dellvertd . smaI vBet for .. ~
I9tIfdi:ne damlrca of SJ.45 miDica. 1\c: Citt'
appealed lIId" Caart of APPIIIa dIrmed.
A review or.. Court of APPGIIa' __ell
(/)II Motu. iJIJnc QI ~ Lid. \l City of
MtINWt'6)l. 9:5 P.3d 1422, 1432) cIiIcI..-.
ImIlnI other blues, lite COW't of AppQl,
IddreIIed 1he DoIM IImdtnI. but CUt &Ie
Court of Appcal,' dllctaon of !he ~
proportionality lest of DoID1t is ....ativeIy
Uml.- In ~ ~ -lIIDICInaIwo III.......
'n1e Court or AppeeJa touad 11m DII ~'.
e\'icIeDce in the lower court _ lI1I8L:MnI fa
rwbut .. otthe sj" r-. lhaI the ~
CommiJtion pm for1h for ill dIIUaJ of Del
Monte', appIlCllion. dwa hoIdInc 1bo aaauiaI
nexus test of NoIiIn had not _ met. The
Court dlcn \WllU on to fiDeI _ "silDific:lat
evidcnQ: IUppOflB lkl A.uw i claim II1II ...
City's actions wae ~CII.Itc: to bolb
die naan and extent of die iInJ*t of tile
propoIOd dcvdCJpl1atL" 1bIt finctiaa. wbiJc
I1IppOrtIng i.. dec:lsian, wu 1- ....y to
Ihar deciJion, since: on the ovidatc. 1M
PIInninc Ccmmiaiod b.d tiiJcd the CIIICIIUI
naua tea or Nt:J/km.
0..,.... amcna the q~OIU ocni&cd 10
the Supt'llIIIIl Court W8I '"wMthcr tho CCMt of
AppcaIs erred In -aanins lhal 1he I'ClUIIb-
proportiona1ity ~ of DoiII1f v CIIJ' of
7itprt/' applied to tJQ '*00 11M S......
COWl wwered chat queajcn in the IanauIF
quoted above nacwi1bstandinllhllt ill 1he very
l1el(t I*lIeI'lIPh the Cowt telII UI _
"'Tbe instruct/onl :iven to the jUly,
however. did not ntcncicln proportioaali~, lee
alone: rc:qcare It 10 tJnd for Del Monzo Dt.Des
ua.lCl" the City'l acmll wcrcr rouahJy
proponional to ira auencd Intawt 1be Court
ot Appclli~' dillcuslion ot roueft-
proponicnality. we: condude, wa 1DIClIXlII8ly
to ita dec:isicn 110 llUSilIIin 1h. jury's verdict ..
Thill. the S~ Coun'. dictum
nanowin; DoItl1I ~ rbi. limo Ind in dU, '*" i.
IOInCIhina or a myrtay.
As eatlicr noted, DoI4n involve wIYt the
Court characterized it . 1ft "OQCtion." a
condition or IIpprOval ntqwrinS the
uncompcnllltCd dedication of laad 10 lbe
public:. Concepcu.lly there: =rim . Imika of
m.. by whidt I., eM ~ '1lItcnft in the
IlIId me ccntext: an etlCtion can be impored
.. In Dolan, a pcnnjt Clm be clcaied ill ill
mlircty . in /kl MDftIW Dww, or the '-d
QIn be rcpdaII:ld uno aMtdal \aleleuaca II
in L- lC C'""IIM CotIIltlJ COfIMiL ,OS
U.S. 1003 (992). A Jiterll reedinc of dIG
Coun', dictum r4IIltiq to the rouab-
proponionaJity let or DoIGn could i-t to 1m
absurd ttlUft. NmteIy, had the Cil)' aranted .
(Catttltrwd 011 ptlp 5)
OO:9T (OOG V! qa~
tltl88~9t78!S:XE~ ld3a 3lJ JOSS~ ~~e SAN
SlftI_."',,~ J~ J
~~ Dilp"~
. :/roM ~ 2)
'.-k, _41 hams all private unatIiIDded
&apJ.y.. 'nMa iI ~Wo IIlIdar 1bc PItII
SpacG cI.... of the rim ...-.... .t
Gov.... canDOt ~ ___
priwae spabn ill a pulltic pft OD tbe ....
at 1kcir vi~ or tbeit intaaa. Simply ..... It
muat lzat 111 .".a.. eq1a&l1y. It is
appropriate Cor a lD"emment. howav.. to
issue COI1Te11t-aeurnl "'time, place, ...
IIIIImeI" ~ em tho .. ~ .. _0
pub. iDeludiDa. for IXIIDpIe, a _ GllIII
lNIwIcfed priY- displayL 8II:ue PDIIIic
pII'b ... JIRetIIR hdiIicaaUy ... ..
10 he spc:a:b, &II)' '"amo, pl8CCl1Dd aana"
n:IIrict:ians mlllt be ~ IiUlamd 10
aerYe a SicnatlCllllt PCIIIIItCIICII inII:rwt. ..
IClYe open ample "__we cIw.... 01
._uni..ai_..... "na.. _ ..... tile
ViUqe IhlI)' acid. Ihaa public ul'ety.
poJici... 00lltI. .. OOIhpetiq. talC
CllOlIidaUans wen -.wed by bInniq IIIl
Ilrivaee UDIftaIdecI displays in lbc VaJJaea
Park, while pmnittiD. oth. ",.."., of
expressive conduct in the park. At !he ame
- Ibe ViI_ CIftMI allow ICIIIe pdVlle
clispllr. in the VdJCWC Pm while =uciDt
0IbfI' (..e" telfeiOUS) private ~t.1I l1ac
Supreme: Court bad IDIde it GI_ diu
n:lieious speech it eatidal to f\dl Fim
AmeDdmetal ft'eo 5pOIda proteedClft. TbuI. it
.....Ibat tho Viu..c amy t:If:Il:tI ~ a
boUday tree in &be VIUap Pitt. WiJe
bMnins aU priv.... ~r .Jod ~ but
it may not ...... In OODMnt-.....
diJcriminaDon by permittins some pri\'8lll
lIDIItcnded displll)'s and axdudina rdiaioaa
~t.lf
FinIiIy, In Idditicm to ~ its
da:oraziClOl policy. our bypodleQal ViIlaee
suppons .. rdaaa III nUll --..
llVatt (J1 public propeny. AldJouab lben: do
DOt lqlpQI' to be instnx:tive CIIeI difM-" a
vilJace's ability to orpnia ...... caIdiDa
~c:ni, ..va ca5CI involviaa &tIbUsbmcnt
Cl.... ehallansw have noted - without
call1na into quotion - rIM practioe of pIItlbcIy
0IJIai_ Chria~. In .wi1ian,
~liWn_t C1tuM .. Free Exercise
ClaIse c:baJ1.... 1D relisiow CII'Cllina in
public 1Choo1. haw ~ bcal ~a:ted.. II
In our hypothetical ~ liven the rnix1llrc of
~..., ChriI1ma, IIld CMaubh s.onp, it
iPPCaI'S the event i. no mGN _ endoI~t
of rcJi.ion than tbe mixed nIIiaio.. and
SCI:ul. public displays uphetd by dtc Supn:ma
Cowt _ more rcccatly. by the Second
Ciralit in EJftllki. ,. FUftbcnncm:. our
Vi"'lI tlycrl adYc:niIinJ Ibo Ctcnt h
1ecuI. and ineJuliYe ill tmIc.
In IUIl1, the by~ )illiG)' awea 1IO
~ 1be ~ f1~ Frw exen:iso.
~~b1i.ama. and Free SpaIda cIauita of Ibe
CClllltitu1:icn.
m. ....., VIable Alllnallka
The foJIowins Ire IItcntaIive policies '*
- In !llbl of the vll'ious Iepi ~
cUSCuIlIc:d lIboYe - a municipality lDlIY
rc""""wi:l 011 JI"&C 4)
Municipal LawY"
HolidlY Displays
(ConIi"".a./1r;nl ptIp J)
CODJider with reprd 10 decoraaoaa tmd
iDsIlI.IJaIkms in its public JWb.
A. Our BJpQ,,*- Paley
A Vilhtso 1mY.. dMllllCld lbavc, beau
INIICDded JIriv- cilpay. ill ita pIrb wbiJc
~ lbc ShIll .. doccliAc. boBday
lfte. E.stabIiahlDclU Cfauac QM8 ban
aaMis1IIldy Ilppftn'od of IxHiday tnlIII (wifb
lish.. ~ - .....) - .....-...&1;
~ lhcy In: dam.! to rea. 1bc ICICIIIIr
.,.. alii. Ovi,.. HMCft bllhUl do noc
ICIld 111*I9 of 4IIIdoniDa QrillYaity.
The aGvlDtaae of this policy is its
Iimp1icity Ind .e at 1dnIim1lrllica. The
~ di.... may be.. ~
by &011IO m.nbeJw of the COIr2nQIiI)' dW-
repdlc:u of the 5.... Coun', raaiGaal. _
- iIIwnUua1ad "Ilollday w." rcftog" .
ChrieIIan lmdiUOn, IIId, srandiJsc aIoae, fiiJa .,
send II meIAp of indUli<ln, POor Ibis I'CI8OI'I, it
1ft&)' be wi.. 10 1Ilce caro tbIlt nane of the
deocnriCllll- whefher calbc tree or eIIewhere
- i~ ClIp1ieidy rdisiOUl in 11iIl\R. An
iftdi\'idull would obvioully bave & IInlnp
qumcnr Iha 1 IIMlicipalhy __ implOlNlfy
"endorsUl&" . p.nic:u1ar rdllous view if; far
CllI:ample, . qugce ~ 111. New ~
""" eIl_" with die hoIid1t' 1ree.
.. Publidy ruMcd HIlIda)' 1'Iw .. MeaonII
Lc:pI pra:a:dcn&I- in pncw. SYnAN',
etechc diI.-r uphold in EJlwlkl - iDdiCllla
~ reiisioul public: dilplar,'1 do DOt c:nu or
1eIIll to & l'IIIClnAbI. per'Ceptioa ar cndorlCmC::ftt
wIwn plKad ,.... II ~ er..1IIli wilhin 1ft
overall COIlIt:xt of riiw,~w J~
~0IIll. Thus, & V~ ggqld ClOI'lIidIr
KoqUirina md crcc:tins a mInOIah or adcIi1ioaal
reliaiOUl symbola alanpido a hotiday tree CD
public property. Under Ibis proposal. lb,
muni.itr wodd IllllintaiD a bell aD III
~ priYlle display, in ill public ~
Apin. lbc ultimate I. IOWihItcmc II 1bc:
ovenlJ eft'cc:r of the lftItire public diapg, 011 .
reuonable viewer, punuant to tile
mdol'Mlnc:nt tcIt. C_ 1ppi)'1q lbaI teat
indicatcJ that II ViIJaae may dilpllI)' a mmcnb
and a holi~ U'OO toIcchcr wi1houl bavin; to
diIpIay 111)' .dditieMl.....OUI tymbol.. II
The l..-on not to 8impJy j;tWd II priv.
pan)' pcrmiaiClft 10 Gnl:t da. IIl8IOftlh DCIr .
holiday tree in . public park is lh.t such a
deciliClt wouJd, in li~t of me puhlic fonm
h1y1is ImdIr lbc First AmcndrnanI, optft 1M
door to all pri"., IlIftios soekin. tIo c:rcct &
telisiOUl or poliliad diIpIay. A vilJlIC. after
SIIIUinI permiIIicn 10 .. individllll scekl.nc 10
creer'mc:nonh in & pm, would have to accept
appUCllianl !om potllntiIUy bIIaftII 01 racisi
FUPf.. C)rQ lbe part becomaI a public
tcrum fix' 1ooaA..d&.d dUpl.,-s, _ city MQcl,
in a IIIIlIIH, lOBe comroI ot dlo ....1h6. cllho
pIfk. Th.t opIiCIIJ iI di........cI t\Ir1ha' bdow.
The ..tvlllllft of lho u-plUHI1C:IIClnIb
display JII'OPOI&I it .. it qaably .. .
JftIINC8 of inclu:sian. PaaiDle diudnatlpl
include: (a) me.. not belaqina to the Judeo-
CJuisrian lradition D\I)' feet aduded; (b)
SO'd
IibUtI and ~ !lilt' PNtcr 1bc ....."
"JeCu1ar" bo!iday ** tl3 !be _..... of
expticitly NUaioue symbol OIl pubUG ~
(c) some mcmbm of die JewUia --uai"
IDlY diucree widt Ibe JlUIltic display 01 a
IDCIIllrIh; md (d) .... ZIII\V be III _ I~j
risk of naclalian ~ the ~
mcnirorm, cons.
C. AIow rrm.e ~
AJtcuuaiYCiy, . vtUap IIIif CXlIIIlzaae 10
--- . boIiMy no but .-, pIIIDic priv.
--...ded puWio ...... It MUld --DIed
to c::ItabiiIh · paIicy P~'" 1ha .. ot
permita Cor \1M of ~ ell' odacr public
pnlplq' chnts me ~ ___ - ,....
far public parb ar aNy ba pad ar dmied
011 tbo bIAs ot~ elilllria(t.,.. size
I'eIIricIiGfts, miaimum ..r.ty ~
noiIt 1'lW1ricticm, elc.1 WIMn prt... emiti.
erect rdigioUl display. in . public ,a.
I!InabUMmcaa CJauJC CClIICenlf .. df__~
no SupremI CoarI .. IDIde it de .. DO
......c pcI'ClCpIiona 01 CIIcklI_l~ would
be c:zwted where a telipova diapi.,. WII
ercmd by . pd~ JMy in . pubIiG ton.m.
JlIft18It IIClll ~ pcnrIit poIicly. A
IIIl.IIiciplllky mIIY ClOIIIidar .... . sip
~ chatb: varicu ~ dftpIay. ill
1he Park were c:n:I:IId b1 JlriV- CIltitiCll, .
~ by 1hn:ic JIIIIi. . a ftriIIr_
to enIln 1bIt DO m.uce 01 ~
<<Ildonanmt illI1intamanllly tAl~.....d by .
viIWIll' atlhe ~.
The poaibIe -.... ot1lil AlI"'___
is mar no citUaI would feci .. iii or her
ItU8iCll WII pmaod 1t'om bIiq ..-_
or cc1dln1ted in !be pubW: _ The ~a1
c6Adv__c:s iaGlude: Ca> Idminisb'llive
burM.; (b) -- atv-OllUam lIId8lldlnl
l1IClfti1.oriq ClOI1I; and (c) lnabWcy 10 teltrict
GOnIIOVeniaI, divilivc or c6uive IpIeCh ·
(V,C~
Al um. it.... ~.... trr.Id
an ~bly fiIzIy line duriq tile baUdit'
__ Iinco 1bc .... ...... ~ ia
-ways chanaiaa IDd DOfOdOUliy diafcuIt 10
imcrprct. To steer 1brousb !hi. cr;m~
la'I'Iift, keep two poiatl lD mtDcI: Jlnt. a
mzmiclpaUt)' &n1IIt avaid cnminf pc:rccptiCIIJI
N- .... !lItIt~ BtIr..u.~
Oft, I!Il StIttI
AliMy. N. r. 1:J:JIJ'
OO:9! ~OO~ V! qaj
vv88~9v8!S:X~j ld3G 3lJ JOSS~ ~~8 SAN
~w/CJctDbcr J9f)g <I
of~A'" ofreliSiOlS, wbidl ie IIIWJ do
ciIbc:r by ooc CRcIini cxpUcidy n:Ji1ioul
cfiapIay" or by --. . &eaaIII diIpIIIj ..
iDoludce divano tnditioal; I~.__"-
IlUlicipality c.nnot pl. ra"ori_ ~/
~.., . puIlIic lONIIl fer .,... (tor .
....... it eaDDOt baa caly nUpova
displays). I/O it lIhDuId ...... all.... "fed
pm. _lip in puhtic pIIb ...., Of
be &\.._..d to tlblll CGID&!II.
Ma ,..,..AI.............. L- rAl..
..............x.-.._ Ii X..New
Y_a,. .
I, F<<................ c-t Wd".61
tit' Ule Cit7 or HlIlIIIz ill Florida 10 _ dar ritIII
.... or .... .. fIaopsiId II I ~
Nliaiua - tbD 5Iara1a fiitb -_ ilia viaIaId.. Frw
~CIa-. CAIIII:*o/lMJf.J ....v c.
t(Htti--. 3OI1U.!. ~("m
2. e..,.,.., DhVi... ~ 41 H_
~ 0/0,.", II .. 494 U.s. an (Jf90)
(1dDpIIas!be ___ ..1IId __. .....
IFPfiaable GIimiaU .. CID JlIYOIf Il8O); ~ v
N....III""'- C......", PffII<<IM AIr ~ 48s b.,
4J9 (1981) (~.~ pIaa ~ WDIlld..
-'-l__Ia):'s\ Bnrr"'- .. t C....\l c/o-
oIN... Il1ri; 914 F.2d 341 (24 Cir. 1990) <1IIIOokIDa
Nft YOlk City'. --.J ~Lawllllt....
IQ'deDId dID 6wIbn of -= 10 1'laMt8}.
3. C4lIIJIty rJ.I AJIqIny IC ..c.m. ClrIiIlJbmin
~ m U.S. ,-n,601 nJ2 (1919) ("A~
c-,,").
4. A...... C4llUIl)c "92 U.s. . 593.
,. n. CoWl at AIlPeIIs far dar Secazd Clrait '*
IDIda it ~ GIll .fhe .. ...L_~ tal" -wa:.t
IpIlIitd ~ pelic dilplya or.... ..,.. .
-~9fnrllplla~_ .
Sr.I C,..".. II ~ q("--i( 61 F.J.I.5Q, 'I (a.I
tit 1995l<adDsiial ~ =dor~.. in.. s-aad.
CinlUit - i.e.. in New Vade, ~1IIlI 'IAnaIl-
ia Jlpt oIlh1 SUpnIIle COarc's hcand ___ is
C'fIIIt1l S4ut /twWtI ~ ~ &.rill I'ttttII.
'1' U.s. 753 (19")). It . .,...--.. poley ar
pragIioo au lbo edcl._..... tat. il wu.. lIII
priagiple of ---. CIIIbodIed illlbt E-hll.d ..
c... or die u.s. ~dit.~ IIId is da.dn
iIMIld.
6. &,., EWwMti 'I Cityof~ 113 FJd 51 (2d
Cir. 1997). Tbr Cowt ill EleMIcl ...., die .......
~ poli9y of dIo CiIy or ~ whiM
iMIl11W 1M Cily'. ~ of -a. m . ~
(COIIl11rtII:don,.. ~)
FIIltST CI..MS MAIL
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
P&lWIT NO. tIS
uv
l..
,,/
...,
MrlnidpcJ Lawyu
Bolkbr. Displays
(CfJltlJnJltJiJJI'om pap 4)
,'" -t..to ". My..fiw Coos I'itIJMl:l Uw ~
} GOkftd J.iSbl:s ald . ltar 0II11lp, " .. IICll . IbI
..lEy" dIaonItiaD or lNIlppoaa willa "1fIIIIII)'.
..... .Ill colorwd !ilia" -1111., JlIIbiio ~ III
.dddiGa.. priv* ~ -* a -.II ill
lhI_ vic:iafty. 1%3 FJdlll J2.'1 .
,. A~CCllllOl492lJ.S.1&611.
I. ~C~ 492lJ.S. .UI6-17 (B1IaimuD.
J.); id. It 633 (O'Cormor, J.t co~; id. It 655
(Xaneay. J., wUh IbshaapabI. C.J., ~ IDlS
Iaalla, JJ.. -urNle 1ft ~).
9. /4111616.
10. ANritalCivfl UbmI4, c;,,;01lqfJIlbeUIl CilJloj
St C~ 794 PJd 265, 211 ('7111 Clr. 1986) (Poar,
J.).
II. L,\U II DMIII~ 463 u.~. 6lI1 (1914) (\IpIIokIiIIf
dlapIay of. p........-h.MWi cncbe pIpIll ill.
pri~ pm aloat with llIMr "JIc*" ~
~" IIIllh .. . ~ ol~ JIlIIlu. s.....
.. . ClriJImu CM.1IId fl8lllll of calM).
12 Elft1UJv.CllyojSylwlul. 12)F.3d$1,~'(2d
CIr. lW7) <.- IO~ DI1Mcy
- ill doMlfOMI publio pItk l-wd _ .
~ boliday tzw and . black away a- .
~ Tha s.aM Cinlllil b.Id in AtNItI .t .
~. obaIrwr 01. pubticJJ OWIMlDdcilpllytd
.... ill dllWJltcW1l SyrJouae 1I'll\IId, ill 00CdtllI,
pntiw ". _Intioa or Ute diwnity of!bl boGdIy
_" IIId 111M Ute ~ oi Cbrildllllly. n.
Coan IlOlIli IIlat tilt -a. WIII_" iIoll1ld dllplly,
bill rd. Mould 110 w-d ill ~ of otM
tIIi&iOaa1_ -- dllpllys, inolucllaa. bolidq tzw
IIId . I1lnl'8A.
13. A ~ j.., ~. di..... widllbe
'~'UlOllOluaioDand IbaId lbIu puIlIlGlyoOMld
:he di.p.y Oft pabIIe Jl"IPIl'lY ...... u.apo.-
....1IlIW1II ot~. c..Iy. Ute-a-'MlI
_"'beCllllllllO~~_t!u
CIIIIlCl always t. appiiId with cartaimy.
14. 1D Lyn&/t _ /JJttw/tJ, a ... was upbojd .._
of I ICIer dilpliy; iD CQf//tI)I 01 AIIqIay. a _vIty
__ wu lIlIIICk dowD II iJolltod IIld Ibc:tclon: Iib!y
e., &ad. -. of andDnanc:m.
a P-" ~ b 'lI1l 1'",,, /Awl IUa,...
...... 460 U.s. 37.45 (lSl83). SH.. C.""~
RIVIttW ct AN>>" BotIdv. 'NlII. m u.s. 753.761
(1993) (1lOIiIIC lbII "a 11m ClIl alIl111l1a1dcd dilpllys"
aouId 0llIIIliIuIe a _bIe-*'IlNn8ll. _
__ ~oa _ail pubIiG~.
16. $fl. I.,~ "-- II Cily of/nab;, PkMI,lI,." Ycri,
141 F. SUpp. 136', 11"-76 (S.O.N. Y. 1993) (llIYina
ll10wed privaao ti:JlDcl pllbliG dilplays to slMld for
~ in & public pD. tbr City of Wbilc PIaim COIIld
lIOC pnwnl mnbln of till CDIIlIllUIlicy trcIm INGtiIIa
1WIiIif1u pablila dlIplay.).
17. Cf. RMI/ 14 '-1In-. 500 u.s. 173. 19; (1991)
(Pcealllnt', dollilicm to sp:ak ill IIIIIIIiIllD do. AOI
reqIIift it to fIIIld opplSing at lll2nlatiw Yiaws).
Ii s.. I.g., 4w:1t. 104 S. CL U l36j (ooq wid!
.IfIP'O"'-' ilia ~ pnctice ot"lIIIciq DOlO or lbI
-.. Willl CbMmI. byaw Ind llII'Ola ill public
-'>>01. .- "tt.r publie Sll-")+ McC,..." v. s.-.
739 F.ld 716, 729 (2d Cu. 19I4) <Datine "'- at
ScII'IdIIl:', _ua1 "CbrilCmls <:.01 SiD&" in pubIio
pdJ.
19. .:w. ,.,., 8i1IIcIfWI1I w W'II HII/f ScJtooI. 132 F.ld
S42 (lOth Cir_ 1997) (n:jClClUIf &ta~ ct_
IIICt FIW Ex.wcise Claur.a GhalJ.ap to aN .... or
.;.u.a ~Ia ia a UtaA pubUo lIlIiIDoJ); FItI1fIY W
" u J1mll ScJrtxJI Dillrla. 619 P'.2d 1311. 1317,1.5
(1dI Cir. 1910) (jC)_b bIvo eobicwd. c:uIlanI
"r~ dIIt jlliUDa Ibeir beUIs .. in IbI pubIiG
:dIlolI of Sioux Falls'"
20. $u LyfrM tIIfti EIlwIJa. dacti\led ItIfIN at
foocDowIll aDd 12.
2l. MMtI w UlriUlr/ SJoJrs PO#IttI ~. 911 F.
90'd
Supp. '721, 721-29 (IJ).N. Yo 1997) ~
B.-Ni 'J ....If c...........~~to
PllII 01loI ... ot -_ ~ lilt), III
...... C....,. ~ diIpIa,.&,........ ID
u.---lDIIaIb,.....Ibrty.Il_
--- ............... ......1If
.... I.... ~ Ia........ ~
~ ~, ---. OJ '"-, m'br"
~ Ii cw. U F. Supp.2d _ tot (D. Nft
I~ ~ __..... ..., .. JllIIIUo
JnIlIft1 01.... --. .......~
a.dIJai (1IlJq ........~
;;,~ rnt~............,.....,lC""
51" 1.J.I. 7-'1 (lPP$). II - ....... .... c:..
- tW.,jWI\y ~ IM............__
a 4IciIic& 11lt ___COlII'lWltllll_ _ _ tJl
pIiIIIc ... ... aw-I to ... ..... .. IIllQo
NIfPlua..,.,.. lilt ,Il...J.--4 0CIlI\d **..... .
~-- by 1l1li ~ DaJ;lllIO.... LdD-.
a-.. it W III IIIIiIIlIia ..... ..... wIIBD
~tblpMrJbr-.
D. P..... $l.5 u.s. 79 (1005).
u.,..... u, U.s. Ii '" ~. 1. lMidl ~
0'0-. JJ.. ocaurila).
~, 3tH lboIDoIt 22.
R~' .
. . '. '"
.. .. ,
, ... ... ,
:. ., to .
'. '., " .
. ... . .
. . .
';' . .
. .
.U"N: rV':t::II.:S'j:t'y
Th(Z ~taff of th(Z
Municipal bawg~r
wi~h{Z~ you a
1iappy end 11(lalthy
'Holiday ~fla$On.
OO:9! ~oo~ v! qa~
vv88~9V8!S:XE~ ld3G 3lJ JOSS~ ~~e SAN
~.~J999.s
The FuU Monte -
(C()IfflnWd fIo1tt fJflII J)
pennie JUbjOQlIO Ibe requiranent _ lWE at
the applic.lt'.1an4 be clldicGed fer I public
beacb. tbua rakiDa halt ot Dei MoD....
propcny,1be paDt ~ would bavt
beaasubjec:l rothe~ *'
or Dolan. ~ oumam cIIBIal of *e
permit, resultiq in . takiDs of Dt.I Moate'1
"'",. property, is !lOt subj_lo 1ba .. aDd
pteI\lIDabl)' lIUI bIl:k 10 dw .....11 (but
Dot DCCClSaarily proponi~) AQUI l1li&
noullled ill NollM. Loft YUDlwwed illbe
CJucmaa of wbcd1cr dI. rouP-
proportionality test applies to the thinI
InIII1ber 01 !he IdMiai....v. eUiDp troiQ.
a laDd use raauJldia2 that lcav. . pca.I 01
1anclellelldaUy IIllllUl..
InteratmsJy, lb. New York Court of
Apl'Ml'!llus Il!SUIII8ll (M have __ ..."
01hers) tbIt tile cacntia1 rICCUI __ . NoD.
txtezldl lmitormly f.O tIkiqa ~ aU kiads.
ThUl, in Md1fOCM,tQif y, UM% HIU
HOIpilfll 84 N. Y.24 3.., (1994) 1be COUll of
Appall Ntcd lb. fo11owins:
1t]bae is DO bIIi. ill NoIJa1t itlelf tar
~udina thI& the Supremo COWl cIIc:ided
110 apply dUFercnt takinp .... dqlcndc:a& 011
wh01hcr &h. UlIdItp were purely .MGI)'
or pbyJical, TM Cowt ~ a
pmu;tpk fOr till J'l't'fM"l)' tlIWJ ~
~tilJlt /Un-. A. cnIeW dIrecIIoI4 01
.wYt1a it tbaa DO 1aIdq ClClCIUfS it a 1_
"substantially Idvmoc{lJ 1011itimate ...
in!ereI1s" (NtJJ1tm. 1IIprQ, 413 U.s. Ii 134,
107 S.Ci. at 3147~ In dilMaina fat 1_ of
& stlllldard tor delermiDiq whG COIlIttnna a
'1qhim&te ... izdemt," the Supreme
Court IpICi&.e.l1y refemld to DCIII-pbyIiCll
repl8tOry taldnJs cues Ct... NoJkm. mprtl.
QUng A,ftns v. 7lb1D'Cft, 447 U.S. 23', 100
S.Cl2138,65 L.Sd.2d 106, supra; DIP""
em"'tll 1)o1lM. Co. Yo NfttI Ywi CU)I 431
U.S.I04. 98 S.Ct. 2646, 57 L.Bd.2d UJ,
nqIN). Fwdt.1'; tM SIIpw",. COWl ,.,fl'trtIWtI
.from P/tlcifl8 tmy JbJlitationl Gr' tltltlff!:tlDItI
01' CIQl8tjf~titHtI 011 tile applicatloll 01 tJw
"..Il."tJ,,1 MJaII. I..t. Tltu 'UIIIII'tI ...
I~Lt tI 1IJtJ/Dmt. dUll' tIItti ~I,y
tkjiniJiW III11UJt1I'ti 01 nvt.w 111 ~,
ca~U..." 14 N.Y.2d '* 393, 394 (emphuis
lidded) (citalions omitted).
It Ippell'l that lb. Court of Appeals
IUwnptioa 18 respeclS tIto ".entill fteXlII'"
tat lurvivQ tbt Supreme Court's dedsion in
~I MOIU. Dww,; a dccWon wbidl dOCl noc
limit the univeraai appliC&lion of dlt
GlHlUial nalll test. Thus, we DOW appear 10
have two d-. or the "euemiIi neltUl"
test, one thlt applia to ail adminillniDv.
takinp. md Ift~ thM appli. caJy to
pcrm;t c:oncIidans "*lWiDs 1he Mdt"'''''''' 01
land. One wonder" bowever. whcsdaar
"roup- proponioaality" by ...u.v. aama,
It not umerent ill die euentia! MXua tat
imlpecdve of die Courts diCNID in ~/
MtNw~.
MIl III..... . . ,.,... III _ Inr .. .,
~n.-. MarweI, 11.*_, UIn1a"......
:r.c. .. ... 1DIc., rtew Yule.